Publications

Most publications are provided as full-text pdfs at ResearchGate. If a full-text is not available please request the text via ResearchGate or contact me directly. My ResearchGate Profile

In peer-reviewed scientific journals

2025

Mede, N. G., Cologna, V., Berger, S., Besley, J., Brick, C., Joubert, M., … & Schmid, P. (2025). Perceptions of science, science communication, and climate change attitudes in 68 countries–the TISP dataset. Scientific data, 12(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04100-7

Cologna, V., Mede, N. G., Berger, S., Besley, J., Brick, C., Joubert, M., … & Schmid, P. (2025). Trust in scientists and their role in society across 68 countries. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-024-02090-5

2024

Schmid, P.M., Böhm, R., Das, E., Holford, D., Korn, L., Leask, J., Lewandowsky, S., Shapiro, G., Sprengholz, P. & Betsch, C. (2024). Vaccination mandates and their alternatives and complements. Nature Reviews Psychology, 3, 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-024-00381-2

Taubert, F., Schmid, P.M., Holford, D., Verger, P., Fasce, A., Karlsson, L., Soveri, A., Lewandowsky, S. & Betsch, C. (2024). Association of the belief in conspiracy narratives with vaccination status and recommendation behaviours of German physicians. Vaccine: X, 20:100560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100560

Taubert, F., Meyer-Hoeven, G., Schmid, P. et al. Conspiracy narratives and vaccine hesitancy: a scoping review of prevalence, impact, and interventions. BMC Public Health 24, 3325 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20797-y

Bruns, H., Dessart, F.J., Krawczyk, M., Lewandowsky S., Pantazi, M., Pennycook G., Schmid P., Smillie, L. (2024). Investigating the role of source and source trust in prebunks and debunks of misinformation in online experiments across four EU countries. Scientific Reports, 14, 20723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71599-6 

Kozyreva, A., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Herzog, S., Ecker, U., Lewandowsky, S., Hertwig, R., Ali, A., Bak-Coleman, J., Barzilai, S., Basol, M., Berinsky, A., Betsch, C., Cook, J., Fazio, L., Geers, M., Guess, A., Huang, H., Larreguy, H., Maertens, R., Panizza, F., Pennycook, G., Rand, D., Rathje, S., Reifler, J., Schmid, P.M., Smith, M., Swire-Thompson, B., Szewach, P., Linden, S. van der & Wineburg, S. (2024). Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation. Nature Human Behaviour, 8 (8), 1044-1052. doi: 10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0

Ziemer, C.T., Schmid, P.M., Betsch, C. & Rothmund, T. (2024). Identity is key, but Inoculation helps – how to empower Germans of Russian descent against pro-Kremlin disinformation. advances.in/psychology, 2:e628359. doi: 10.56296/aip00015

Mäki, K., Karlsson, L., Kaakinen, J., Schmid, P.M., Lewandowsky, S. & Soveri, A. (2024). COVID-19 and influenza vaccine-hesitancy subgroups. PLoS One, 19 (7):e0308159. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308159

Karlsson, L., Mäki, O., Holford, D., Fasce, A., Schmid, P., Lewandowsky, S., & Soveri, A. (2024). Testing Psychological Inoculation to Reduce Reactance to Vaccine-Related Communication. Health Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2024.2325185

Holford, D., Schmid, P., Fasce, A., Lewandowsky, S. (2024). The empathetic refutational interview to tackle vaccine misconceptions: Four randomized experiments. Health Psychology, 43(6), 426–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001354.

2023

Schmid, P. (2023). Using Behavioral Science for Infodemic Preparedness: The Case of Vaccination Misinformation. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11(1), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322231219684

Schmid, P. & Werner, B. (2023). Hostility has a trivial effect on persuasiveness of rebutting science denialism on social media. Communications Psychology, (1):39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-023-00041-w

Soveri A, Karlsson LC, Mäki KO, Holford D, Fasce A, Schmid P, Antfolk J, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Nolvi S, Karukivi M, Lindfelt M, Lewandowsky S. (2023). Trait reactance as psychological motivation to reject vaccination: Two longitudinal studies and one experimental study. Applied Psychology, Health and Well Being, 16(2):597-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12506

Lewandowsky, S., Schmid, P., Habersaat, K.B., Nielsen, S.M., Seale, H., Betsch, C., Böhm, R., Geiger, M., Craig, B., Sunstein, C., Sah, S., MacDonald, N.E., Dube, E., Fancourt, D., Larson, H.J., Jackson, C., Mazhnaya, A., Dutta, M., Fountoulakis, K.N., Kachkachishvili, I., Soveri, A., Caserotti, M., Őri, D., De Girolamo, G., Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Falcón, M., Romay-Barja, M., Forjaz, M.J., Blomquist, S.E., Appelqvist, E., Temkina, A., Lieberoth, A., Harvey, T.S., Holford, D., Fasce, A., Van Damme, P. & Danchin, M. (2023). Lessons from COVID-19 for behavioural and communication interventions to enhance vaccine uptake. Communications Psychology, (1):35. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-023-00036-7

Karlsson, L.C., Garrison, A., Holford, D., Fasce, A., Lewandowsky, S., Taubert, F., Schmid, P., Betsch, C., Rodrigues, F., Fressard, L., Verger, P. & Soveri, A. (2023). Healthcare professionals’ attitudes to mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Cross-sectional survey data from four European countries. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 19 (2):2256442. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2256442

Fasce, A., Schmid, P., Holford, D. L., Bates, L., Gurevych, I., & Lewandowsky, S. (2023). A taxonomy of anti-vaccination arguments from a systematic literature review and text modelling. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01644-3

Fasce, A., Karlsson, L., Verger, P., Mäki, O., Taubert, F., Garrison, A., Schmid. P, … & Soveri, A. (2023). Endorsement of alternative medicine and vaccine hesitancy among physicians: A cross-sectional study in four European countries. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 19(2), 2242748. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2023.2242748

Schmid, P., Altay, S. & Scherer, L. (2023). The Psychological lmpacts and Message Features of Health Misinformation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. European Psychologist. 28, 162-172 https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000494

Holford, D., Fasce, A., Tapper, K., Demko, M., Lewandowsky, S., Hahn, U., … & Wulf, M. (2023). Science Communication as a Collective Intelligence Endeavor: A Manifesto and Examples for Implementation. Science Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10755470231162634

Mäki, K. O., Karlsson, L. C., Kaakinen, J. K., Schmid, P., Lewandowsky, S., Antfolk, J., & Soveri, A. (2023). Tailoring interventions to suit self-reported format preference does not decrease vaccine hesitancy. Plos one, 18(3), e0283030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283030

Thumbeck, S., Schmid, P., Chesneau, S. & Domahs, F. (2023). Efficacy of reading strategies on text-level reading comprehension in people with post-stroke chronic aphasia: A repeated measures study. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12983

Terry, J., Ross, R. M., Nagy, T., Salgado, M., Garrido-Vásquez, P., Sarfo, J. O., Cooper, S., Buttner, A. C., Lima, T. J. S., Öztürk, İ., Akay, N., Santos, F. H., Artemenko, C., Copping, L. T., Elsherif, M. M., Milovanović, I., Cribbie, R. A., Drushlyak, M. G., Swainston, K., . . . Field, A. P. (2023). Data from an International Multi-Centre Study of Statistics and Mathematics Anxieties and Related Variables in University Students (the SMARVUS Dataset). Journal of Open Psychology Data, 11(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.5334/jopd.80

2022

Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Verger, P., Lewandowsky, S., Soveri, A., Hertwig, R., Fasce, A., Holford, D., De Raeve, P., Gagneur, A., Vuolanto, P., Correia, T., Tavoschi, L., Declich, S., Marceca, M., Linos, A., Karnaki, P., Karlsson, L., Garrison, A. (2022). A call for immediate action to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake to prepare for the third pandemic winter. Nat Commun.13(1):7511. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34995-y

Schmid, P., & Betsch, C. (2022). Benefits and Pitfalls of Debunking Interventions to Counter mRNA Vaccination Misinformation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Science Communication, 10755470221129608. https://doi.org/10.1177/10755470221129608

Kessler, S.H., & Schmid, P. (2022). Editorial: Mis- and Disinformation About Covid-19 – Challenges for Health Communication. European Journal of Health Communication, 3(2), I-VI. https://doi.org/10.47368/ejhc.2022.200

Lewandowsky, S., Holford, D., & Schmid, P. (2022). Public policy and conspiracies: The case of mandates. Current Opinion in Psychology, 101427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101427

Jörling, M., Eitze, S., Schmid, P., Betsch, C., Allen, J., & Böhm, R. (2022). To disclose or not to disclose? Factors related to the willingness to disclose information to a COVID-19 tracing app. Information, Communication & Society, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2022.2050418

Garrison, A., Fressard, L., Karlsson, L., Soveri, A., Fasce, A., Lewandowsky, S., … & Verger, P. (2022). Measuring psychosocial determinants of vaccination behavior in healthcare professionals: validation of the Pro-VC-Be short-form questionnaire. Expert Review of Vaccines, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2022.2108800

Lewandowsky, S., Armaos, K., Bruns, H., Schmid, P., Holford, D. L., Hahn, U., … & Cook, J. (2022). When science becomes embroiled in conflict: Recognizing the public’s need for debate while combating conspiracies and misinformation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700(1), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221084663

Verger, P., Fressard, L., Soveri, A., Dauby, N., Fasce, A., Karlsson, L., Lewandoswky, S., Schmid, P., Dube, E., & Gagneur, A. (2022). An instrument to measure psychosocial determinants of health care professionals’ vaccination behavior: Validation of the Pro-VC-Be questionnaire. Expert Review of Vaccines. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2022.2046467

Vivion, M., Anassour Laouan Sidi, E., Betsch, C., Dionne, M., Dubé, E., Driedger, S. M., Schmid, P… & Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN). (2022). Prebunking messaging to inoculate against COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: an effective strategy for public health. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2022.2044606

Ecker, U. K., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., … & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y

2021

Rabe, J. E., Schillok, H., Merkel, C., Voss, S., Coenen, M., De Bock, F., … & Jung-Sievers, C. (2021). Belastung von Eltern mit Kindern im Schulalter während verschiedener Phasen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland: Eine Analyse der COVID-19-Snapshot-Monitoring-(COSMO‑) Daten. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 64(12), 1500-1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03453-3

Thumbeck S., Schmid P., Chesneau S., Dohmas F. (2021). Efficacy of a strategy-based intervention on text-level reading comprehension in persons with aphasia: a study protocol for a repeated measures study. BMJ Open, 11:e048126. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048126

Betsch, C., Bosnjak, M., Korn, L., Burgard, T., Gaissmaier, W., Felgendreff, L., Eitze, S., Sprengholz, P., Böhm, R., Stollorz, V., Ramharter, M., Promies, N., De Bock, F., Schmid, P., Renner, B., & Wieler, L. (2021. The four weeks before lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: A weekly serial cross-sectional study on risk perceptions, knowledge, public trust and behaviours in March 2020. Eurosurveillance (Print). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.42.2001900

2020

Schmid, P., Schwarzer, M., & Betsch, C. (2020). Weight-of-Evidence Strategies to Mitigate the Influence of Messages of Science Denialism in Public Discussions. Journal of Cognition, 3(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.125

Betsch, C., Korn, L., Sprengholz, P., Felgendreff, L., Eitze, S., Schmid, P., & Böhm, R. (2020). Social and behavioral consequences of mask policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(36), 21851-21853. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011674117

Habersaat, K., Betsch, C., Danchin, M., Sunstein, C., Böhm, R., Falk, A., Brewer, N.T., Omer, S.B., Scherzer, M., Sah, S., Fischer, E.F., Scheel, A.E., Fancourt, D., Kitayama, S., Dubé, E., Leask, J., Dutta, M., MacDonald, N.E., Temkina, A., Lieberoth, A., Jackson, M. Lewandowsky, S., Seale, H., Fiethe, N., Schmid, P., Gelfand, M., Korn, L., Eitze, S., Felgendreff, L. Sprengholz, P., Salvi, C., Butler, R(2020). Ten considerations for effectively managing the COVID-19 transition. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(7), 677-687.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0906-x

Neufeind, J., Betsch, C., Habersaat, K. B., Eckardt, M., Schmid, P., & Wichmann, O. (2020). Barriers and drivers to adult vaccination among family physicians–Insights for tailoring the immunization program in Germany. Vaccine, 38 (27), 4252-4262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.052

2019

Haase, N., Schmid, P., & Betsch, C. (2020). Impact of disease risk on the narrative bias in vaccination risk perceptions. Psychology & Health, 35(3), 346–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2019.1630561

Schmid, P., & Betsch, C. (2019). Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(9), 931-939. https://10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4

Betsch, C., Böhm, R., Schmid, P., Korn, L., Steinmeyer, L., Heinemeier, D., Eitze, S. & Küpke, N.K. (2019). Impfverhalten psychologisch erklären, messen und verändern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 62(4), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-02900-6

2018

Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., & Böhm, R. (2018). Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PloS one, 13(12), e0208601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208601 

Betsch, C., Rossmann, C., Pletz, M.W., Vollmar, H.C., Freytag, A., Wichmann, O., Hanke, R., Hanke, W., Heinemeier, D., Schmid, P., Eitze, S., Weber, W., Reinhardt, A., Küpke, N.K., Forstner, C., Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Mikolajetz, A., Römhild, J., Neufeind, J., Rieck, T., Suchecka, K., Reinhart, K. (2018). Increasing influenza and pneumococcal vaccine uptake in the elderly: Study protocol for the multi-methods prospective intervention study Vaccination60+. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 885. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5787-9

Betsch, C., Bödeker, B., Schmid, P., & Wichmann, O. (2018). How baby’s first shot determines the development of maternal attitudes towards vaccination. Vaccine, 36(21), 3018-3026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.023

Schmid, P., MacDonald, N. E., Habersaat, K., & Butler, R. (2018). Commentary to: How to respond to vocal vaccine deniers in public. Vaccine, 36 (2), 196-198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.065

2017 and earlier

Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G., & Denker, M. L. (2017). Barriers of influenza vaccination intention and behavior–a systematic review of influenza vaccine hesitancy, 2005–2016. PloS one, 12(1), e0170550. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170550

Betsch, C.*, Haase, N.*, Renkewitz, F., & Schmid, P. (2015). The narrative bias revisited: What drives the biasing influence of narrative information on risk perceptions? Judgment and Decision Making, 10(3), 241–264. https://sjdm.org/journal/14/141206a/jdm141206a.pdf (*shared first authorship)

Betsch, C. & Schmid, P. (2012). Angst essen Impfbereitschaft auf? Der Einfluss kognitiver und affektiver Faktoren auf die Risikowahrnehmung im Ausbruchsgeschehen. [The influence of cognitive and affective aspects of risk perception during outbreaks.] Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz, 56, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-012-1595-z

Reports

Schmid, P.M., Likki, T. & Habersaat, K.B. (2024). Evaluating the impact of interventions addressing health behaviour. Considerations and tools for policy-makers. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe LINK

Holford, D., Fasce, A., Tapper, K., Demko, M., Lewandowsky, S., Hahn, U., A., Al-Rawi, A.,
Alladin, A., Boender, T. S., Bruns, H., Fischer, F., Gilde, C., Hanel, P. H. P., Herzog, S. M., Kause, A.,
Lehmann, S., Nurse, M. S., Orr, C., Pescetelli, N., Petrescu, M., Sah, S., Schmid, P., Sirota, M., & Wulf,
M. (2022). A manifesto for science communication as collective intelligence. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/TZUFW

Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Holford, D.L., Finn, A., Leask, J., Thomson, A., Lombardi,D., Al-Rawi, A.K., Amazeen, M.A., Anderson, E.C., Armaos, K.D., Betsch,C., Bruns, H.H.B., Ecker, U.K.H., Gavaruzzi, T., Hahn, U., Herzog, S., Juanchich, M., Kendeou, P., Newman, E.J., Pennycook, G., Rapp, D.N., Sah, S., Sinatra, G.M., Tapper, K., Vraga, E.K. (2021). The COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Handbook. A practical guide for improving vaccine communication and fighting misinformation. https://sks.to/c19vax

Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U. K. H., Albarracín, D., Amazeen, M. A., Kendeou, P., Lombardi, D., Newman, E. J., Pennycook, G., Porter, E. Rand, D. G., Rapp, D. N., Reifler, J., Roozenbeek, J., Schmid, P.,  Seifert, C. M., Sinatra, G. M., Swire-Thompson, B., van der Linden, S., Vraga, E. K., Wood, T. J., Zaragoza, M. S. (2020). The Debunking Handbook 2020. https://doi.org/10.17910/b7.1182

Betsch, C., Rossmann, C., Bach-Habersaat, K., Schmid, P., Holtmann, C., Korn, L., Wiehn, J., Mummer, L. (2017). Vaccination and trust – How concerns arise and the role of communication in mitigating crises. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/329647/Vaccines-and-trust.PDF.

Schmid, P., MacDonald, N., Bach-Habersaat, K., Butler, R. (2016). Best practice guidance: How to respond to vocal vaccine deniers in public. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/315761/Vocal-vaccine-deniers-guidance-document.pdf

Book chapters

Taubert, F., Schmid, P. (2023). Verschwörungstheorien aus gesundheitspsychologischer Perspektive. In book: Die Psychologie der Verschwörungstheorien. Publisher: Roland Imhoff (Hrsg.) – Hogrefe. DOI:  10.1026/03179-000

Lewandowsky, S., Armaos, K., Bruns, H., Schmid, P., Holford, D. L., Hahn, U., Al-Rawi, A., Sah, S., Cook, J., Juanchich, M., & Ladyman, J. (2022). COVID-19: Conspiracies and Collateral Damage vs Constructive Critique (pp. 374-397). In J. Musolino, J. Sommer, & P. Hemmer (Eds.), The Cognitive Science of Belief. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781009001021.026.

Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Holtmann, C., Heinemeier, D. & Korn, L. (2018). Erklärung und Veränderung von Präventionsverhalten. In:  Kohlmann, C.-W., Salewski, C., Wirtz, M. A. (Hrsg.). Psychologie in der Gesundheitsförderung (pp. 341–354). Bern: Hogrefe.

Public writings

Schmid, P. (2022). Verbesserung der Impfquoten und der Impfakzeptanz – Management einer Infodemie. Impfen im Umbruch Berichtsband Nationale Impfkonferenz NIK. https://nationale-impfkonferenz.de/rueckblick/veroeffentlichungen/

Schmid, P., Lewandowsky,. S. (2021). Tackling COVID disinformation with empathy and conversation. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/tackling-covid-disinformation-with-empathy-and-conversation-173013

Lewandowsky,. S., Schmid, P. (2021). How to fight Covid vaccine misinformation. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/10/22/fighting-vaccine-misinformation

Schmid, P. (2020). Postfaktische Apokalypse? – Vier Strategien gegen Wissenschaftsleugnung. Wissenschaftskommunikation.de. https://www.wissenschaftskommunikation.de/postfaktische-apokalypse-vier-strategien-gegen-wissenschaftsleugnung-43093/

Schmid, P. (2019). Fake News (Rhetorische Fallen erkennen und vermeiden). Impfstrategien im Kontext internationaler Herausforderungen Berichtsband Nationale Impfkonferenz NIK. https://www.nali-impfen.de/fileadmin/pdf/NIK_Berichtsbaende/NIK_Berichtsband_2019.pdf

Schmid, P. (2016). Impfmüdigkeit. Skeptiker 4/2016. https://www.gwup.org/147-wurzel/archiv-zeitschrift-skeptiker/1877-zeitschrift-skeptiker-4-2016